Baseness in the Carpathian Basin

The insightful March 8 essay on Hungary’s Self-Destructive Demons, by poet/journalist Thomas Orszag-Land described the complex and sinister relationship between the stunning success of Viktor Orban’s opportunistic megalomania and his unscrupulous exploitation of the unreconstructed cultural affinity of the Hungarian populace for the ugliest and most vicious forms of denial, scapegoating and xenophobia. 

Apart from a couple of points on which it (forgiveably) goes a bit over the top (about the potential for kingship and the triple “junk” quote), Orszag-Land’s March 8 essay is temperate, timely and telling, and has since been not so much overtaken as confirmed by events, with the self-ratification, by Orban’s supermajority, of the constitutional amendment self-indemnifyng Orban’s new constitution from oversight by the constitutional court.

Orszag-Land raises the interesting hypothesis that although Orban has successfully used his supermajority (as well as the pork-barreling of the electorate, party faithful and oligarchs) to entrench his power far beyond the possibility of reversal even under any ordinary electoral majority defeat by the (shamefully and self-destructively divided) democratic opposition, he may yet be undone by having profoundly alienated the only forces that can sustain the dictator of a small, poor country in modern times: either powerful international economic interests or the support of powerful surrounding nations.

And there is another potential contingency: Orban is not stable. He has already demonstrated himself to be a psychopath, has already been showing signs of mounting paranoia, is rumored to be under treatment for bipolar disorder, and seems to be less and less aware (or perhaps less and less in control) of the fact that Hungarian is translatable into any other language — and diffuses at lightning speed in today’s online era — so that his so far successful double-talk (in contemptuous jingo for his compatriots and sugary demagoguery for the rest of the world) may yet prove his undoing, impelling his hitherto intact cult following to jump ship out of self-interest, rather than to continue to sink with their leader, as his antics become more and more dissociated and pathological. 

Hungary is not, after all, North Korea (and not just because it lacks China to prop it up, come what may).

Trading Recipes vs. Righting Wrongs

Vegans.

Bless them for abstaining from the horrors most people uncaringly impose on innocent animals.

But I wish they were less interested in trading tasty recipes than in righting animal wrongs.

After all, it’s because of the uncaring drive to satisfy their tastes — and not because of the needs of survival or health — that people keep imposing those horrors on innocent animals.

Consciousness Offline: Le Salon des Refusés

On 2013-02-18, at 9:09 AM, Consciousness Online [Richard Brown] wrote:

Hi Stevan, your recent comment (below) has not been approved. It is not relevant to the session. This session is not about the hard problem of consciousness (or the mind body problem). That debate has (more than) run its course in your session from two years ago. Thank you for you understanding.

Richard: Are you joking? Did you watch the video we were supposed to comment on?

This is getting a little ridiculous. I think your theoretical preferences are getting the better of your objectivity.

Of course this is about the mind/body problem. Of course it’s about the “hard” problem. What on earth else do you think it’s about?

I’ve just about had it now with this arbitrary dismissiveness.

And I don’t appreciate the remark about “more than running its course”.

Restore my commentary or kindly take me off the list and send me no more messages about “Consciousness Online.

I don’t have the time to write focussed, substantive commentaries only to have them rebuffed because they don’t meet someone’s tastes or preconceptions.

Stevan


COUNTING THE WRONG CONSCIOUSNESS OUT

Stevan Harnad

[Commentary on Dan Dennett on “On a Phenomenal Confusion about Access and Consciousness“]
Yes, there was a phenomenal confusion in doubling our mind-body-problems by doubling our consciousnesses.

No, organisms don’t have both an “access consciousness” and a “phenomenal consciousness.”

Organisms’ brains (like robots’ brains) have access to information (data).

Access to data can be unconscious (in organisms and robots) or conscious (in organisms, sometimes, but probably not at all in robots, so far).

And organisms feel. Feeling can only be conscious, because feeling is consciousness.

So the confusion is in overlooking the fact that there can be either felt access (conscious) or unfelt access (unconscious).

The mind-body problem is of course the problem of explaining how and why all access is not just unfelt access. After all, the Darwinian job is just to do what needs to be done, not to bask in phenomenology.

Hence it is not a solution to say that all access is unfelt access and that feeling — or the idea that organisms feel — is just some sort of a confusion, illusion, or action!

If, instead, feeling has or is some sort of function, let’s hear what it is!

(Back to the [one, single, familiar] mind/body problem — lately, fashionably, called the “hard” one.)

More prior commentaries here.

To comment further, please go to Philpapers.


ILL-JUSTIFIED TRUE BELIEF
Organisms with nervous systems don’t just do what needs to be done in order to survive and reproduce. They also feel. That includes all vertebrates and probably all invertebrates too. (As a vegan, I profoundly hope that plants don’t feel!)

There’s no way to know for sure (or to “prove”) that anyone else but me feels. But let’s agree that for vertebrates it’s highly likely and for computers and today’s robots (and for teapots and cumquats) it’s highly unlikely.

Do we all know what we mean when we say organisms feel? I think we do. I have no way to argue against someone who says he has no idea what it means to feel — meaning feel anything at all — and the usual solution (a pinch) is no solution if one is bent on denying.*

You can say`’I can sorta feel that the temperature may be rising” or “I can sorta feel that this surface may be slightly curved.” But it makes no sense to say that organisms just “sorta feel” simpliciter (or no more sense than saying that someone is sorta pregnant):

The feeling may feel like anything; it may be veridical (if the temperature is indeed rising or the surface is indeed curved) or it may be illusory. It may feel strong or weak, continuous or intermittent, it may feel like this or it may feel like that. But either something is being felt or not. I think we all know exactly what we are talking about here. And it’s not about proving whether (or when or where or what) another organism feels: it’s about our 1st-hand sense of what it feels like to feel — anything at all. No sorta’s about it.

The hard problem is not about proving whether or not an organism or artifact is feeling. We know (well enough) that organisms feel. The hard problem is explaining how and why organisms feel, rather than just do, unfeelingly. (Because, no, introspection certainly does not tell us that feeling is whatever we are doing when we feel! I do fully believe that my brain somehow causes feeling: I just want to know how and why: How and why is causing unfelt doing not enough? No “rathering” in that!)

After all, on the face of it, doing is all the Blind Watchmaker really needs, in order to get the adaptive job done (and He’s no more able to prove that organisms feel than any of the rest of us is).

The only mystery is hence how and why organisms feel, rather than just do. Because doing-power seems like the only thing organisms need in order to get by in this Darwinian world. And although I no more believe in the possibility of Zombies than I do in the possibility of their passing the Turing Test, I certainly admit frankly that I haven’t the faintest idea how or why there cannot be Zombies. (Do you really think, Dan, that that’s on a par with the claim that one hasn’t the faintest idea what “feelings” are?)

*My suspicion is that the strategy of feigning ignorance about what is meant by the word “feeling” is like feigning ignorance about any and every predicate: Whenever someone asks what “X” means, I can claim I don’t know. And then when they try to define “X” for me in terms of other predicates, I can claim I don’t know what those mean either; all the way down. That’s the “symbol grounding problem,” and the solution is direct sensorimotor grounding of at least some of the bottom predicates, so the rest can be reached by recombining the grounded ones into propositions to define and ground the ungrounded ones. That way, my doings would contradict my verbal denial of knowing the meanings of the predicates. But of course sensing need not be felt sensing: it could just be detecting and responding, which is again just doing. So just as a toy robot today could go through the motions of detecting and responding to “red” and even say “I know what it feels like to see red” without feeling a thing, just doing, so, in principle, might a Turing-Test-Passing Cog just be going through the motions. This either shows (as I think it does) that sensorimotor grounding is not the same as meaning, or, if it doesn’t show that, then someone still owes me an explanation of how and why not. And this, despite the fact that I too happen to believe that nothing could pass the Turing Test without feeling or meaning. It’s just that I insist on being quite candid that I have no idea of how or why this is true, if, as I unreservedly believe, it is indeed true. It’s an ill-justified true belief. Justifying it is the hard problem.


FEELING BY FIAT

@Richard Brown: “felt representing (i.e. consciousness) occurs when one represents oneself as being in some other representation in a way that seems subjectively unmediated… There is no equivocation here; the claim is that feeling (i.e. consciousness) consists in a certain kind of cognitive access. What’s the argument against this view? That there can be these kinds of representations without feeling? That is called begging the question.”

The argument against this claim is that it is an ad hoc posit: an attempt to solve a substantive problem by definition.

My critique is on-topic (access vs. feeling), the matter is far from settled, and neither your comments nor mine prevent Dan or anyone else from responding.

Cross purposes

Much of what passes today for verse
is more for cruciverbalists
— stay: that just means lovers of crossword puzzles —
than seekers of sounds and sentiments
repaying the time to reflect and rehearse

Facts

“Science” — testing truth experimentally — is certainly preferable to telling and believing tall tales.

But that’s not enough to fill the gap the tall tales fill.

The tales are not just about what’s true but about what’s right. They mostly get that wrong too, but that’s where the real work lies — and “science” does not show the way.

Banging on about tales of hell-fire being worse than rape is not showing the way.

Nor is scolding elderly church-goers.

“Science” is psychopathic, or at best autistic and actuarial. Ethics is incomparably more important: A planet where people are doing right, even if they are believing tall tales, is infinitely better than a scientistic juggernaut driven only by experimental facts.

And that fact is not a “scientific” one.

The Universe: What’s in a Name?

All agree that speculations, even if they come from mathematics that seems to make sense, still need evidence in order to be believed. And a lot of the speculations about multiple “universes” seem to be beyond observational evidence, at least for now.

But it seems to me that some of the puzzlement comes from calling these hypothetical entities multiple “universes,” of which “ours” is also a “universe.”

What is a universe? If there can be multiple galaxies then why can’t there be multiple entities that are bigger than galaxies and include galaxies? Let’s call them “sub-universes,” and let’s say that (hypothetically) they may resemble one another in various ways, but be “out of touch” (out of observational reach) of one another. That makes them more like some of the unobservable microcomponents (like strings and unbound quarks) that are much less far-fetched than the notion of there being more than one “universe.”

(That said, I think the multi-sub-universe consisting of all the possible histories since the Big-Bang is too far-fetched to take seriously no matter what we call it. — I also think the notion of multi-sub-universes does not really give us any insight into either the probability or the “inevitability” of life.)

https://youtube.com/watch?v=rjphfKI661k

Kulturkampf Reaching Rock Bottom In Karpathian Basin

[M]embership of the [Hungarian Academy of Arts (MMA)] ‘requires a commitment to the nation, a certain ‘national sentiment’.’ Artists who criticise the government abroad are not eligible for membership…

2012-12-23

ORBAN

 

 

 

 

 

 

If this “national sentiment” Diktat reaches the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA) it will be my pleasure and a historic honour (indeed an obligation) to step down rather than just gazing passively in appalled disbelief.

[Resigned MTA: October 8 2016]

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Luxe, nécessité, souffrance: pourquoi je ne suis pas carnivore

Luxe, nécessité, souffrance: pourquoi je ne suis pas carnivore

Stevan Harnad

On n’a pas l’habitude de se considĂ©rer comme Ă©tant psychopathe. La psychopathie est une aberration, rare et odieuse.

Les psychopathes sont les ĂȘtres vivants qui ne sont pas troublĂ©s par la souffrance des autres ĂȘtres vivants. Pour atteindre les buts qui sont Ă  leur goĂ»t, les psychopathes n’hĂ©sitent pas Ă  faire souffrir les autres. C’est de la pragmatique.

L’évolution darwinienne est Ă©galement pragmatique. Du point de vue Ă©volutif, nous devrions tous ĂȘtre des psychopathes. Nos gĂšnes sont Ă©goĂŻstes. La survie et la reproduction, leurs seuls buts, sont issues de la compĂ©tition, qui compte des gagnants et des perdants. L’évolution favorise les gagnants.

La seule exception Ă  la psychopathie Ă©volutive – bien qu’on voit qu’elle n’est pas vraiment une exception – concerne nos proches, avec lesquels nous partageons nos gĂšnes, ce qui nous met dans la mĂȘme barque Ă©volutive. Nous favorisons nos proches. Par consĂ©quent nous ne sommes pas indiffĂ©rents Ă  leur souffrance. Au contraire, les mammifĂšres — sauf un certain nombre d’individus aberrants parmi eux (les vrais psychopathes) — sont trĂšs altruistes envers leur progĂ©niture, Ă  tel point qu’ils sont parfois prĂȘts Ă  sacrifier leur vie pour les protĂ©ger.

Cette tendance altruiste familiale concentre une grande sensibilitĂ© sur les besoins et donc la souffrance de nos propres enfants. Pourtant, pour des raisons compliquĂ©es, l’Ă©volution n’a pas su implanter dans les cerveaux des mammifĂšres un capteur de la consanguinitĂ©. Les mammifĂšres ne peuvent pas discerner directement qui sont leurs proches. Ce sont les circonstances qui nous signalent qui est parent et qui ne l’est pas (la seule quasi-certitude Ă©tant la maternitĂ©). C’est pour ça que les mammifĂšres peuvent se retrouver dans le rĂŽle de « parents » tout aussi compatissants et s’auto-sacrifiants envers des enfants adoptĂ©s, issus non seulement d’autres parents, et donc d’autres gĂšnes, mais mĂȘme d’autres espĂšces, parfois ayant trĂšs peu de ressemblance Ă  leur propre espĂšce.

Ce serait un effet pervers, sans doute, du point de vue Ă©volutif, si les circonstances Ă©taient frĂ©quentes oĂč l’on se retrouvait avec les descendants d’autres espĂšces dans nos berceaux au moment critique. Mais ces contingences sont suffisamment rares pour que les mammifĂšres puissent se fier aux indices indirectes et circonstanciels (comme la petite taille, les gros yeux, l’air dĂ©pendant, impuissant, besogneux — ainsi que les signaux rĂ©ciproques d’attachement et d’affection Ă©manant de « l’enfant ») pour signaler la parentĂ© et donc nous rendre rĂ©ceptifs aux souffrances de ceux qui Ă©mettent ces signaux.

Remarquons tout de suite qu’on a dĂ©jĂ  rĂ©ussi Ă  Ă©viter une objection naĂŻve de la part des dĂ©terministes Ă©volutifs selon lesquels ça irait « contre la nature » d’adopter des enfants, car si tout le monde faisait ainsi, ça serait alors catastrophique pour nos gĂšnes Ă©goĂŻstes ainsi que pour le processus de sĂ©lection Ă©volutive. C’est Ă©vident que l’adoption accidentelle dans le passĂ© Ă©volutif de notre espĂšce a Ă©tĂ© suffisamment rare pour nous avoir permis de nous rendre jusqu’ici sains et saufs, forts de sept milliards et demi de barques de gĂšnes humains. Donc le problĂšme actuel serait de soigner les humains qui existent dĂ©jĂ  et de rĂ©duire la taille de la prochaine gĂ©nĂ©ration, plutĂŽt que d’invoquer le gĂšne Ă©goĂŻste pour justifier la psychopathie envers les orphelins.

Notons aussi que s’il s’agissait du choix entre la survie de nos proches et celle d’autrui, ce serait autre chose. Il n’est pas psychopathique de favoriser nos proches en cas de conflit d’intĂ©rĂȘt majeur. Par contre, la question que nos considĂ©rons ici — la souffrance des non consanguins (humain et non humain) — prend pour acquis qu’il ne s’agit pas d’un tel conflit d’intĂ©rĂȘts avec la survie, la santĂ© ou les nĂ©cessitĂ©s de la vie, ni pour soi-mĂȘme ni pour ses proches. On discute ici de la souffrance d’autrui uniquement dans les cas oĂč elle n’est pas le prix qui doit ĂȘtre payĂ© pour ma survie ou ma santĂ©. On parle des souffrances de luxe — d’autrui (le luxe pour moi, la souffrance pour lui).

Admettons que la recherche mĂ©dicale, conduite pour combattre les maladies humaines, mĂȘme si elle nĂ©cessite d’induire de la souffrance aux animaux, n’est pas un luxe, mais une nĂ©cessitĂ© . Idem pour les chasseurs de phoques et de baleines qui habitent les rĂ©gions polaires oĂč ils n’y a pas d’autre moyen actuel de se nourrir. Pas de psychopathie en jeu lĂ .

Mais admettons aussi que ce n’est que dans une faible minoritĂ© de cas que les exigences cruelles de l’existence biologique crĂ©ent des conflits d’intĂ©rĂȘts vitaux et inĂ©luctables entre les ĂȘtres souffrants, de sorte que nous devons alors favoriser nos proches (ou nous-mĂȘmes) aux frais de la souffrance des autres. Passons directement Ă  cette immense majoritĂ© de cas quotidiens et omniprĂ©sents oĂč la nĂ©cessitĂ© de causer la souffrance n’est pas du tout en jeu.

Il n’est pas nĂ©cessaire de rentrer dans les dĂ©tails. Un seul exemple devrait ĂȘtre suffisamment Ă©vocateur : je propose « moineau sans tĂȘte sauce chasseur ».

Je serai brutal. Cher hypocrite lecteur, semblable, frĂšre: je suis en mesure de tĂ©moigner — ayant, comme un milliard et demi d’autres humains (20% de la planĂšte, mais seulement 5% d’entre eux, et ainsi 1.0% de la planĂšte, faisant ça par choix actuellement) vĂ©cu une vie saine sans manger un seul morceau de viande depuis 50 ans — que si vous mangez de la viande, ce n’est certes pas parce que la viande est nĂ©cessaire pour votre survie, ni pour votre santĂ©: c’est pour atteindre un but qui est Ă  votre goĂ»t, peu importe la misĂšre gratuite induite Ă  d’autres ĂȘtres vivants, souffrants. Avez-vous jamais osĂ© faire face au salaire de votre gourmandise, en termes d’agonie quotidienne qu’elle exige d’autrui? (Si vous avez le courage, consultez Google images abattoirs. )

Je n’ai pas fait d’argument logique, ni utilitaire, en faveur de s’abstenir de causer la souffrance inutile Ă  autrui. Il n’existe aucune loi mathĂ©matique ni Ă©conomique ni Ă©cologique ni pragmatique selon laquelle la souffrance gratuite serait interdite ou incorrecte. Il y a Ă©videmment des lois civiles et pĂ©nales contre la cruautĂ© dite « excessive ». Mais elles n’ont pour but que de rĂ©duire et rĂ©glementer la souffrance inutile qu’on impose, pas de l’Ă©liminer.

MĂȘme les exigences biologiques ne vont pas plus loin que d’induire un certain favoritisme envers nos proches, et cela, pour des buts pratico-pratiques de survie et de reproduction, pas du tout pour des raisons sentimentales. Comme dĂ©jĂ  indiquĂ© « l’horloger aveugle » est un psychopathe, pur et dur. Les organismes sont dotĂ©s de sentiments uniquement pour leur donner le goĂ»t pour ce qui favorise le succĂšs en survie et en reproduction ainsi que le dĂ©goĂ»t pour ce qui est Ă  l’encontre de ces mĂȘmes buts.

En plus, l’existence des sentiments — les goĂ»ts ressentis — pose un dĂ©fi particulier pour les explications causales en biologie: On peut comprendre pourquoi et comment les gĂšnes seraient sĂ©lectionnĂ©s pour encoder les fonctions comportementales: Il s’agit des tendances et des habiletĂ©s Ă  faire ce qu’il faut faire pour survivre et se reproduire: manger ce qui est nourrissant, Ă©viter ce qui est toxique, chasser nos proies, fuir nos prĂ©dateurs, apprendre, communiquer, parler, prĂ©fĂ©rer nos proches, soigner notre progĂ©niture, s’accoupler avec les membres de notre espĂšce qui sont de l’autre sexe (mais pas nos proches), etc. Mais ce sont toutes des actions, et des capacitĂ©s Ă  l’action. Pourquoi est-ce qu’elles sont accompagnĂ©es par le ressenti? Pourquoi sont-elles conscientes?

C’est le cĂ©lĂšbre problĂšme corps/esprit, et il n’y a encore aucune solution en vue, sauf qu’on est certain que ce sont les gĂšnes et le cerveau qui gĂ©nĂšrent le ressenti aussi. On n’a pourtant aucune idĂ©e comment ni pourquoi le ressenti aurait Ă©voluĂ©, puisque tout ce qu’il faut Ă  l’horloger aveugle pour maximiser la survie et la reproduction, ce sont les mĂ©canismes de l’action adaptative. Le ressenti semble superflu. Ceci a laissĂ© la porte grande ouverte aux spĂ©culations surnaturelles et superstitieuses (donc, Ă  l’invention des religions du monde) selon lesquelles le ressenti serait une substance immatĂ©rielle et immortelle: l’Ăąme.

Malheureusement, non seulement cette hypothĂšse de l’Ăąme immatĂ©rielle et immortelle n’explique absolument rien (et demande plutĂŽt sa propre explication), mais toutes les observations empiriques faites jusqu’Ă  ce jour confirment que tout ce qui se passe dans le monde non biologique ainsi que le monde biologique s’explique complĂštement par des causes matĂ©rielles (et que tous les ĂȘtre vivants sont mortels). Donc les multiples contes de fĂ©es fidĂ©istes sur le marchĂ© sont non seulement concurrents ainsi que contradictoires parmi eux-mĂȘmes, mais aucun n’a le moindre support empirique, probabiliste ou logique.

On peut quand mĂȘme se poser la question si les systĂšmes de croyances issus de ces contes de fĂ©es mitigent au moins le problĂšme de la souffrance d’autrui: n’Ă©tant pas spĂ©cialiste de la religion comparative, je ne peux pas rĂ©pondre avec autoritĂ©. Nous savons que certains cultes orientaux prĂȘchent la non-violence envers tout ĂȘtre conscient (et c’est surtout grĂące Ă  eux que 20% de la planĂšte est actuellement herbivore et non pas 1%). Par contre, les plus abominables souffrances, au-delĂ  mĂȘme des exigences de la gourmandise, sont dĂ©crĂ©tĂ©es par certains autres cultes. Si j’Ă©tais sous la menace de l’abatteur, de façon gĂ©nĂ©rale je me fierais plus au choix qu’Ă  la foi.

Mais le choix basĂ© sur quoi? C’est clair qu’il n’y a pas de fondement rationnel pour la non indiffĂ©rence envers la souffrance d’autrui, donc aucune raison pour ne pas ĂȘtre psychopathe, si c’est ça qu’on est, si c’est ça qu’on ressent (ou ne ressent pas).

Je crois que c’est plutĂŽt une question de culture que de culte ou de calcul: Il est facile de cultiver la psychopathie chez nos enfants: on n’a qu’Ă  leur dire le mensonge Ă  l’effet que manger de la viande est nĂ©cessaire pour la survie et la santĂ©, que puisque les animaux le font aussi sans remords, c’est la loi de la nature, et que de toute façon, les animaux sont Ă©levĂ©s et abattus d’une façon « humanitaire » (faut juste Ă©viter de consulter Google images abattoirs) exprĂšs pour ça. On pourrait ainsi inculquer — par exactement les mĂȘmes moyens — le goĂ»t ainsi que la justification pour le viol, la torture, l’esclavage, le gĂ©nocide.

Ou le dĂ©goĂ»t. Pourquoi ne suis-je pas carnivore? Parce que je ne suis pas psychopathe — et je n’ai pas le goĂ»t de l’ĂȘtre. Est-ce que l’autre 99% de la planĂšte est vraiment d’un autre avis — ou est-ce plutĂŽt qu’il ne s’est pas encore posĂ© la question?