The University of Southampton

Engineering Replacement Body Parts 2023

UOSM2031

It’s a knockout!

The human genome is ā€œpackedā€ in a particular molecule called DNA, which composes the core of our cells. This molecule is extremely big; if we could completely stretch it, it would be 2 metres long! 

This incredible molecule, DNA, is composed of 2 main regions: coding and non-coding regions. The non-coding region is significantly more abundant and composes 98% of the total of our genome, while the coding genome only the remaining 2%. However, the coding region is hugely important, as it makes proteins, the basic functional units responsible for the smooth running of our body.

How do we identify and study the function of each coding region of DNA that makes a specific protein?

The scientific method utilised is called ā€œknockoutā€, which refers to the use of genetic engineering to inactivate or remove one or more specific genes from an organism. In order to explore the function of a particular gene and study the effect of its loss, scientists historically used genetic engineering to create knockout organisms to study the impact of removing a gene from an organism, allowing the discovery of a gene’s functions.

For instance, rather than study the gene directly, it is easier for scientists to study the final product of a gene, its protein. Moreover, since the cell is composed of thousands of different genes that encode a massive range of proteins, how can we identify the function of THAT specific gene without concretely isolating it from the such chaotic ā€œcrowdā€? 

The most commonly used animal model for knockouts is mouse as, incredibly and totally unexpected, it shares approximately 70% of the same protein-coding gene sequences with us. 

How do we make a knockout mouse?

Although knockout mice are very useful tools, they still have their disadvantages:

  1. Genetic engineering is a difficult, expensive and time-consuming
  2. Unethical issues due to the use of animals for scientific research 
  3. Although the degree of gene homology is enormous between mice and humans, there are still genes that could have a certain function in laboratory animals but not the same function in humans

Absent or non functional proteins are the cause of more than half of human’s diseases. This is why knockout animals are so important for biomedical research. Once the function of a gene is known, researchers can work on developing a range of drugs to treat the disease, such as drugs that replicate the function of the missing protein or drugs that mitigate the effects of the disease.

Conclusion

Last year during university lectures, I had heard for the first time the term ā€œknockoutā€ without having a clue of what it was. In the first lecture of this new module, Engineering Replacement Body Parts, I was explicitly introduced to this concept for the first time. 

My interest to research and expand knowledge on this methodology was that I had found this concept completely counterintuitive, as it works in a ā€œreversedā€ manner! The principle is that we cannot study directly what the gene encodes if it is functional but we can infer its function when its final product, the protein, is no longer functional or completely absent. 

Initially, I thought that scientists were always able to ā€œisolateā€ the molecule of interest and then test it under a range of conditions in order to discover their properties and functions. This assumption was harshly challenged by the fact that, unfortunately, isolation of molecules is rarely achievable for a series of obstacles, such as lack of powerful enough technology or extremely high costs. For instance, we cannot visualise ā€œin real timeā€ the action of very tiny cellular components, such as nucleic acids, but we can do it for larger entities like living bacteria under a microscope. 

I realised that something, which could immediately appear as counterintuitive, is not necessarily extremely complicated to understand. In the future, I will not feel discouraged if I cannot instantly catch a counterintuitive principle or technique, as this could reveal it as extremely important! Deepening my knowledge of knockout revolutionised my understanding of an essential scientific methodology used worldwide to discover the cause of many genetic diseases. As a future biomedical scientist, I will apply this knowledge to real-world scenarios not only to perfectly understand and review others’ research but also to design my future experiments and discover the cause of some human diseases!

Reference

National Human Genome Research Institute: https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Knockout

CBT – Retraining the Brain

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a well known form talking therapy, utilised for the management of a range of problems, by changing the way you think and behave.

Video Explaining CBT

There are a number of disorders that can benefit hugely from CBT, including OCD, phobias, eating disorders, panic disorders and depression. As somebody who has undertaken and subsequently completed their CBT journey, I will forever be an unwavering advocate for this form of therapy. Not only do you benefit from having a safe space to talk to a trained professional without fear of judgement, you learn new habits and methods that allow you to overcome your problem for the long-term. Completing CBT will leave you with a retrained brain, one that uses healthy habits and coping skills, instead of reverting to the dangerous behaviours that may have previously derailed your life.

Does parenting style affect brain development in children?

Brain development in early life has always fascinated me. It’s intriguing to consider the extent that environmental factors, in particular social interaction, dictate neurological development. Is it nature or nurture? The first episode of the Netflix series, Babies (2020), titled ‘Love’ delves into the biology of a mother and father’s love for their baby. It touches on the work of the GUSTO project, which comprised of a series of social experiments investigating a mother’s interactions with her baby. It also analyses different parenting styles, specifically their attentiveness to the babies. It shows some mothers constantly checking their babies, and others leaving them to their own devices. The less attentive babies were visibly calmer and quieter, which I found interesting despite unsettling. Along with a series of MRIs on the babies brains, the experiment concluded that the less attended to babies had larger hippocampi, the area of the brain which deals with stress. This is theorised to be because they have to deal with discomfort and stress by themselves, and due to the plasticity of developing neural circuits, the brain has tried to accommodate this. I found this study deeply fascinating, and as an adoptee, it forced me to consider my own experience in an orphanage and how it may have altered by own physiology at such a young age.

Hearing Loss

My name is Megan and I’m currently on BSc Biomedical Sciences. I love to read and play archery in my spare time. I’ve grown up with mild to moderate Sensorineural and Conductive Hearing Loss in both ears. I wear Phonax Marvel hearing aids (above) to help me navigate various environments and reduce background noise so that I can follow what is going on around me.

At birth, I didn’t pass the initial Otoacoustic Emissions test. After further testing, my parents realised I couldn’t hear properly. However, this was masked by glue ear. I was properly diagnosed with Bilateral (hearing loss on both sides) Sensorineural loss after i had grommets inserted at 18 months. Later, I was also diagnosed with permanent conductive loss due to hypermobility (not glue ear). However, the permanent conductive loss fluctuates.

You might be wondering … what is Sensorineural and Conductive Hearing Loss? A sensorineural hearing loss is caused by the loss or damage to the tiny hair cells located in the cochlear or the inner area. This means that the tiny hair cells in my cochlear can no longer transmit sound from the inner ear through the auditory nerve in the brain. Conductive Hearing Loss for me is caused by problems with the three small bones in my ear, as they do not conduct the sound properly.

The reason why I chose this module was because I am interested in learning more about how hearing aids and cochlear implants work, as well as the latest advancements in hearing technology. It’s a very personal subject to me.

Engineering Replacement Body Parts practice Blog

As a natural scientist, my interests remain very broad, however, I mainly focus on organic chemistry and aspects on immunology and pharmacology. I began studying cellular biology in my first years at University, but have since diverted my interest along the immunotherapy pathway focusing on selective toxicity.

This module will allow me to extend my understanding of real-life applications and ethics behind the closed doors of engineering replacement body parts. I am particularly intrigued to look closer at the medical ethics aspect of the module, as a future in ethics or patent law is something I am considering. Equipping myself with the knowledge and reasoning behind the implications of stem cells and medical devices, will help me to learn the foundation of assembling scientific reasoning which I can apply to further and current examples in the medical industry and impact such inventions will have on society.

I am excited to explore prosthesis and the mechanics involved in installing false limbs, something which I have never looked into before. This module is very significant and I believe it is important to spread the awareness behind new and technological advancements.

In line with the ethos of the Natural Sciences course, this interdisciplinary module focuses on improving student skill set beyond written exams, via reflective learning and interactive discussions.

A short video describing the key aspects of medical ethics.

Amy Sturgeon

Hello

I am Issy, I do 3rd year Natural Sciences. I focus on sustainability and the environment, with some geology. In my first year I studied chemistry, physics and maths, but I moved away from that as my interests lied in the environment. In Natural Sciences we get to choose modules from different degree programmes to give us an interdisciplinary view on sciences, so this modules works well with this.

I am looking forward to learning about rehabilition in this module and the workshops.

A cool valve

When looking at University degrees, I came across Biomedical Engineering which immediately struck my attention as I love the idea that something you have built could potentially improve the life of many people. However, my lack of maths and physics understanding led me to choose a different degree.

One particular research that I found particularly interesting was something known as a Sapien transcatheter heart valve, which is a valve that can be introduced to the patient without the need of an open heart surgery.

The valve is introduced through the femoral artery and the inflation of a balloon allows it to be placed in the correct place in the heart, allowing patients without the ability to undergo complex procedures to obtain a new heart valve.

Engineering replacement body parts- why i chose this module

Do you want to find out how stem cells are being used to help treat disease and allow us to live better, for longer?

University of Southampton UOSM2031

As a second year biomedical science student I was given the chance to choose three optional modules for semester two. I knew I wanted to chose Vertebrate Development and Medical Microbiology, but what else? Going through each and every one of the optional modules we had and reading about their contents this first sentence for the Engineering replacement body parts modules intrigued me. I find stem cells fascinating and the range of uses they have is amazing.

The origin of Taylormadecupcakes

August 2022 50th Birthday

For as long as I can remember, I’ve always been in the kitchen creating recipes and treats like potions a bubble bath when you were young. Baking has always come naturally to me and I find my most creative moments decorating an 8 inch cake in preparation for a big event or brainstorming a treat table for a baby shower. Baking is where I feel my happiest and being able to recreate people’s dream cakes and bakes is extremely fulfilling.

Creation of the brand name

I had been selling the odd box of cupcakes here and there but it wasn’t until lock-down of 2020 where I truly embraced my baking side and decided to take a more professional approach towards my products and how I advertised them. With all the free time on my hands, I began to think and generate a name that reflected both what I do and me as a person. The initial naming process resulted in “sweettoothcupcakes” after discovering that this business name was only taken by a Lady in the states but it just didn’t feel personal to me. After much more deliberating and logo designing, the name of Taylomadecupcakes was born which reflected my name as the personal element, the main basis of what I do (bake) and my speciality – cupcakes! The name fitted perfectly and closely followed was the logo that is still used and incorporated in my products today.

Taylormadecupcakes logo – May 2020
July 2022
Sempetmber 2021

Growing up with Chronic Heart Disease

My name is Emma and I have Dilated Cardiomyopathy.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy is a heart condition where the left ventricle of the heart is larger than it should be and the muscle is thinner than it should be. This means that it is a lot harder for my heart to pump blood around my body.

Visual comparison of a normal heart against a heart with dilated cardiomyopathy.

I was diagnosed at the age of one after having parvo virus. This is what triggered the beginning of my symptoms. Dilated cardiomyopathy is also known as “sudden death syndrome” as many people never experience symptoms, in this way I was lucky.

My mum took me into the hospital and they noticed that all of my organs had a lot of fluid surrounding them, and I even had fluid on my lungs. I was nearly in kidney failure and heart failure.

I was rushed to the Royal Brompton Hospital in London where I was put into the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). My mum was then informed that I had a 1/3 chance of death, 1/3 chance of having a heart transplant, and 1/3 chance of being on medication for the rest of my life. It dawned on her then… none of those options were me getting better.

Thankfully I was very lucky. Despite being on the list for a heart transplant, there was a new drug that was available called Carvedilol, this along with six other medications and a strict high calorie diet, saved my life.

Picture of me with the doctor who saved my life – Piers Daubeney

Now, with the help of daily medications I am able to live my life normally. I just have to go once a year for a series of investigations and be slightly more careful than most at exercising and high adrenaline activities.

It is miraculous really, I feel incredibly lucky to be alive and live in an age that I can rely on medication for the rest of my life.

Video of an MRI image of my heart beating