{"id":12862,"date":"2025-03-27T13:13:10","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T13:13:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/?p=12862"},"modified":"2025-04-22T19:47:38","modified_gmt":"2025-04-22T18:47:38","slug":"more-metal-than-terminator-the-story-of-my-nan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/2025\/03\/27\/more-metal-than-terminator-the-story-of-my-nan\/","title":{"rendered":"More metal than Terminator \u2013 the story of my nan"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Growing up I spent a lot of time with my nan \u2013 something I always noticed was a faint \u2018tick, tick, tick\u2026\u2019 coming from her. As I became older, she explained to me this was because she\u2019d had some big surgeries and part of her heart was now made of metal (we used to joke that she was like iron man or the terminator). Her heart valves had become leaky, meaning they had to be replaced with mechanical valves in an open-heart surgery at Southampton General hospital. Because of my nan, I\u2019ve always had a personal interest in how we use prosthetics in the heart.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Prior to the surgery, my nan was given the choice between mechanical or biological valves, each with their own pros and cons. Biological valves typically last 10-15 years while mechanical valves can last a lifetime, making mechanical the go-to for patients under 65.\u00a0Her team opted for mechanical valves so she wouldn\u2019t need yet another risky open-heart surgery later down the line.\u00a0<sup data-fn=\"6cf0f35e-9ef4-49f9-ba3f-0cf1f6879824\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#6cf0f35e-9ef4-49f9-ba3f-0cf1f6879824\" id=\"6cf0f35e-9ef4-49f9-ba3f-0cf1f6879824-link\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Figure 1: Diagram of the heart valves, alongside biological and mechanical valve replacements.<sup data-fn=\"7a250f69-7bdf-4037-8eae-5b4f2c93afb5\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#7a250f69-7bdf-4037-8eae-5b4f2c93afb5\" id=\"7a250f69-7bdf-4037-8eae-5b4f2c93afb5-link\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/529\/2025\/03\/51511188_l-1024x1024-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12875\" style=\"width:332px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/529\/2025\/03\/51511188_l-1024x1024-3.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/529\/2025\/03\/51511188_l-1024x1024-3-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/529\/2025\/03\/51511188_l-1024x1024-3-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/529\/2025\/03\/51511188_l-1024x1024-3-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-background has-medium-font-size\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(146,209,232,0.5) 1%,rgba(89,205,255,0) 100%);font-style:normal;font-weight:500\">Biological 0 \u2013 Mechanical 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Mechanical replacement heart valve\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hmU7UtzxowU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 2: Video showing how mechanical valves work.<sup data-fn=\"64989f04-d422-4622-89aa-c4c8075f7e73\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#64989f04-d422-4622-89aa-c4c8075f7e73\" id=\"64989f04-d422-4622-89aa-c4c8075f7e73-link\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Despite this clear win for mechanical valves, they come with a major drawback \u2013 being prone to causing blood clots, which could lead to heart attacks or strokes. As such, patients with mechanical heart valves must take anticoagulants for the rest of their lives. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For my nan, this meant she had to take warfarin and required blood testing (by INR) every week to maintain the right \u2018thickness\u2019 of blood \u2013 too thick and you risk blood clots, too thin and you risk uncontrollable bleeding.<sup data-fn=\"5bdc931d-f25a-41d9-9e6d-86de2f1a210f\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#5bdc931d-f25a-41d9-9e6d-86de2f1a210f\" id=\"5bdc931d-f25a-41d9-9e6d-86de2f1a210f-link\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-background has-medium-font-size\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(154,232,146,0.5) 1%,rgba(89,205,255,0) 100%);font-style:normal;font-weight:500\">Biological 1 \u2013 Mechanical 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Biological valves not needing anticoagulation is an obvious score, however, there\u2019s issues with xenotransplantation to consider. The majority of valves come from pigs or cows, meaning concerns are raised for animal welfare. To ensure the animal is healthy enough to provide a \u2018safe\u2019 transplant, they must be kept in sterile and confined laboratory conditions. In some ways this may be better than the conditions livestock have, but it\u2019s still lacking for the animal\u2019s nature. Having \u2018good ethics\u2019 is absolutely a requirement here.<sup data-fn=\"d71acd1c-b967-41a3-bfb2-f29111b29ea3\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#d71acd1c-b967-41a3-bfb2-f29111b29ea3\" id=\"d71acd1c-b967-41a3-bfb2-f29111b29ea3-link\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Tissue replacement heart valve\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ojW7wZRF7Cg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 3: Video showing how a biological valve works. <sup data-fn=\"2d615049-f930-4648-8a1a-1dd736ac320a\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#2d615049-f930-4648-8a1a-1dd736ac320a\" id=\"2d615049-f930-4648-8a1a-1dd736ac320a-link\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-background has-medium-font-size\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(146,209,232,0.5) 0%,rgba(89,205,255,0) 100%);font-style:normal;font-weight:500\">Biological 1 \u2013 Mechanical 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-black-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-black-background-color has-background is-style-dots\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-background has-medium-font-size\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(224,146,232,0.5) 0%,rgba(89,205,255,0) 96%);font-style:normal;font-weight:500\">The future of prosthetic heart valves<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"TAVI transfemoral - Transcatheter Aortic Heart Valve - 3D Animation Medizin\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/q6erYCbZGMQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 4: Video showing the TAVI procedure<sup data-fn=\"48f5801c-49eb-4055-b7cd-6595265bdc1f\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#48f5801c-49eb-4055-b7cd-6595265bdc1f\" id=\"48f5801c-49eb-4055-b7cd-6595265bdc1f-link\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>These are only a few of the positives and negatives for each traditional type of heart valve. It\u2019s a complex decision and will depend entirely on the patient. However, in the time since my nan got her valves replaced, science and medicine has advanced. Open-heart surgery is still the norm for valve replacement, but transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) can now be used to avoid the obvious risks of open-heart surgery.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Another development is tissue engineered heart valves. This involves taking a scaffold which is seeded with stem cells and then then grown in a bioreactor before implantation. This would avoid the hazards associated with anticoagulation for mechanical valves, and the ethical issues of animal biological valves \u2013 and could grow along with the development in paediatric patients. Tissue engineered valves have not yet reached the clinical trials stage, but research is developing every day.<sup data-fn=\"5f0a380f-44ab-4dcd-9378-60e08ed352af\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#5f0a380f-44ab-4dcd-9378-60e08ed352af\" id=\"5f0a380f-44ab-4dcd-9378-60e08ed352af-link\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1483\" height=\"469\" src=\"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/529\/2025\/03\/heartvalve.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12873\" srcset=\"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/529\/2025\/03\/heartvalve.jpg 1483w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/529\/2025\/03\/heartvalve-300x95.jpg 300w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/529\/2025\/03\/heartvalve-768x243.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1483px) 100vw, 1483px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Figure 5: Comparison between native, biological, mechanical and tissue engineered heart valves<sup data-fn=\"d136d232-8530-4ab6-8b20-295df92e0382\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#d136d232-8530-4ab6-8b20-295df92e0382\" id=\"d136d232-8530-4ab6-8b20-295df92e0382-link\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>With the heart being such an important organ, any improvements to the current procedures for replacement heart valve prosthetics are hugely beneficial. I\u2019ve loved finding out more about how research is advancing in an ever-present field in mine and my family\u2019s lives. One day I might be telling the future generations about how scientists grew new heart valves in a lab for me!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>References:<\/p>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-footnotes has-small-font-size\"><li id=\"6cf0f35e-9ef4-49f9-ba3f-0cf1f6879824\">BHF.\u00a0<em>How do replacement heart valves work?<\/em>, &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bhf.org.uk\/informationsupport\/heart-matters-magazine\/medical\/replacement-heart-valves\">https:\/\/www.bhf.org.uk\/informationsupport\/heart-matters-magazine\/medical\/replacement-heart-valves<\/a>&gt; (2019). <a href=\"#6cf0f35e-9ef4-49f9-ba3f-0cf1f6879824-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 1\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"7a250f69-7bdf-4037-8eae-5b4f2c93afb5\">Image source: <a href=\"https:\/\/heartsurgeryinfo.com\/types-mechanical-heart-valves\/\">https:\/\/heartsurgeryinfo.com\/types-mechanical-heart-valves\/<\/a> <a href=\"#7a250f69-7bdf-4037-8eae-5b4f2c93afb5-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 2\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"64989f04-d422-4622-89aa-c4c8075f7e73\">Video source: <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/hmU7UtzxowU\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/hmU7UtzxowU<\/a> <a href=\"#64989f04-d422-4622-89aa-c4c8075f7e73-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 3\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"5bdc931d-f25a-41d9-9e6d-86de2f1a210f\">Catterall, F., Ames, P. R. &amp; Isles, C. Warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves.\u00a0<em>BMJ<\/em>\u00a0<strong>371<\/strong>, m3956 (2020).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m3956\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m3956<\/a> <a href=\"#5bdc931d-f25a-41d9-9e6d-86de2f1a210f-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 4\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"d71acd1c-b967-41a3-bfb2-f29111b29ea3\">Rollin, B. E. Ethical and Societal Issues Occasioned by Xenotransplantation.\u00a0<em>Animals (Basel)<\/em>\u00a0<strong>10<\/strong>(2020).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10091695\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10091695<\/a> <a href=\"#d71acd1c-b967-41a3-bfb2-f29111b29ea3-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 5\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"2d615049-f930-4648-8a1a-1dd736ac320a\">Video source: <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ojW7wZRF7Cg\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/ojW7wZRF7Cg<\/a> <a href=\"#2d615049-f930-4648-8a1a-1dd736ac320a-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 6\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"48f5801c-49eb-4055-b7cd-6595265bdc1f\">Video source: <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/q6erYCbZGMQ\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/q6erYCbZGMQ<\/a> <a href=\"#48f5801c-49eb-4055-b7cd-6595265bdc1f-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 7\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"5f0a380f-44ab-4dcd-9378-60e08ed352af\">Mendelson, K. &amp; Schoen, F. J. Heart valve tissue engineering: concepts, approaches, progress, and challenges.\u00a0<em>Ann Biomed Eng<\/em>\u00a0<strong>34<\/strong>, 1799-1819 (2006).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-006-9163-z\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-006-9163-z<\/a> <a href=\"#5f0a380f-44ab-4dcd-9378-60e08ed352af-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 8\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"d136d232-8530-4ab6-8b20-295df92e0382\">Image source: <a href=\"https:\/\/mirm-pitt.net\/tehvalve\/\">https:\/\/mirm-pitt.net\/tehvalve\/<\/a> <a href=\"#d136d232-8530-4ab6-8b20-295df92e0382-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 9\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Growing up I spent a lot of time with my nan \u2013 something I always noticed was a faint \u2018tick, tick, tick\u2026\u2019 coming from her. As I became older, she explained to me this was because she\u2019d had some big surgeries and part of her heart was now made of metal (we used to joke [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6830,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"[{\"id\":\"6cf0f35e-9ef4-49f9-ba3f-0cf1f6879824\",\"content\":\"BHF.\\u00a0<em>How do replacement heart valves work?<\\\/em>, &lt;<a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.bhf.org.uk\\\/informationsupport\\\/heart-matters-magazine\\\/medical\\\/replacement-heart-valves\\\">https:\\\/\\\/www.bhf.org.uk\\\/informationsupport\\\/heart-matters-magazine\\\/medical\\\/replacement-heart-valves<\\\/a>&gt; (2019).\"},{\"id\":\"7a250f69-7bdf-4037-8eae-5b4f2c93afb5\",\"content\":\"Image source: <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/heartsurgeryinfo.com\\\/types-mechanical-heart-valves\\\/\\\">https:\\\/\\\/heartsurgeryinfo.com\\\/types-mechanical-heart-valves\\\/<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"64989f04-d422-4622-89aa-c4c8075f7e73\",\"content\":\"Video source: <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/hmU7UtzxowU\\\">https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/hmU7UtzxowU<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"5bdc931d-f25a-41d9-9e6d-86de2f1a210f\",\"content\":\"Catterall, F., Ames, P. R. &amp; Isles, C. Warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves.\\u00a0<em>BMJ<\\\/em>\\u00a0<strong>371<\\\/strong>, m3956 (2020).\\u00a0<a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.1136\\\/bmj.m3956\\\">https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.1136\\\/bmj.m3956<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"d71acd1c-b967-41a3-bfb2-f29111b29ea3\",\"content\":\"Rollin, B. E. Ethical and Societal Issues Occasioned by Xenotransplantation.\\u00a0<em>Animals (Basel)<\\\/em>\\u00a0<strong>10<\\\/strong>(2020).\\u00a0<a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.3390\\\/ani10091695\\\">https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.3390\\\/ani10091695<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"2d615049-f930-4648-8a1a-1dd736ac320a\",\"content\":\"Video source: <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/ojW7wZRF7Cg\\\">https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/ojW7wZRF7Cg<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"48f5801c-49eb-4055-b7cd-6595265bdc1f\",\"content\":\"Video source: <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/q6erYCbZGMQ\\\">https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/q6erYCbZGMQ<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"5f0a380f-44ab-4dcd-9378-60e08ed352af\",\"content\":\"Mendelson, K. &amp; Schoen, F. J. Heart valve tissue engineering: concepts, approaches, progress, and challenges.\\u00a0<em>Ann Biomed Eng<\\\/em>\\u00a0<strong>34<\\\/strong>, 1799-1819 (2006).\\u00a0<a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.1007\\\/s10439-006-9163-z\\\">https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.1007\\\/s10439-006-9163-z<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"d136d232-8530-4ab6-8b20-295df92e0382\",\"content\":\"Image source: <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/mirm-pitt.net\\\/tehvalve\\\/\\\">https:\\\/\\\/mirm-pitt.net\\\/tehvalve\\\/<\\\/a>\"}]"},"categories":[2,3],"tags":[26],"class_list":["post-12862","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-assessed-item-1","category-assessed-item-2","tag-assessed-item-1"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12862","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6830"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12862"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12862\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12926,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12862\/revisions\/12926"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12862"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12862"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/uosm2031-2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12862"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}