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            {"id":733,"date":"2016-02-24T18:30:35","date_gmt":"2016-02-24T18:30:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/?page_id=733"},"modified":"2016-05-06T12:29:48","modified_gmt":"2016-05-06T11:29:48","slug":"extraction-of-forest-parameters-from-airborne-lidar-data","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/application-of-lidar-data-1-forestry\/extraction-of-forest-parameters-from-airborne-lidar-data\/","title":{"rendered":"Extraction of Forest Parameters from Airborne LiDAR Data"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In this section we will learn about how various basic tree attributes can be extracted from Airborne LiDAR data.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Extraction of canopy height<\/h3>\n<p>Canopy height can be obtained by subtracting the DTM (corresponding to ground surface) from the DSM corresponding to tree top. This is often called as canopy height model (CHM). The most appropriate way to estimate DSM for this purpose is to select individual tree top by using a local maximum filter and then define the tree crown by segmentation and finally interpolating the missing points by appropriate interpolation techniques.\u00a0 Figure below shows the output from local maximum filter (red points) and its neighbour (green) use for generating DSM.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/local_maximum_filter.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"591\" height=\"243\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-754\" alt=\"local_maximum_filter\" src=\"http:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/local_maximum_filter-1024x421.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/local_maximum_filter-1024x421.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/local_maximum_filter-300x123.jpg 300w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/local_maximum_filter-200x82.jpg 200w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/local_maximum_filter.jpg 1125w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 591px) 100vw, 591px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>True-False Question<\/h3>\n<div id=\"theExam\"><div id=\"questionDiv\"><p>DTM is generally calculated from first return.<\/p>\n<table width=\"90%\">\n<tr>\n<td width=\"8\" valign=\"top\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"option7\" name=\"question30\" value=\"7\"><\/td><td><label for=\"option7\"> True<\/label> <span id=\"correctFeedback7\" class=\"successText\" style=\"display:none\"><br \/>\r\n<\/span> <span id=\"incorrectFeedback7\" class=\"failText\" style=\"display:none\">Incorrect!<br \/>\r\nDSM is typically calculated from the first return and the DTM is from the last return. <\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"8\" valign=\"top\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"option8\" name=\"question30\" value=\"8\"><\/td><td><label for=\"option8\"> False<\/label> <span id=\"correctFeedback8\" class=\"successText\" style=\"display:none\">Correct!<br \/>\r\nDSM is typically calculated from the first return and the DTM is from the last return. <\/span> <span id=\"incorrectFeedback8\" class=\"failText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<input type=\"submit\" value=\"Check Answer\" onclick=\"checkExampleQuestionExampleAnswer(30, 'radio', '8', '7,8', '', '' );\"><!--QTLfeedbackStart--><div id=\"mainFeedbackDiv\"><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerCorrect30\" class=\"qtl_hidden\"><span class=\"correct QTLCorrectStyle30\">Correct<\/span><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerCorrect30\" class=\"correctFeedbackDiv\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#EBFEE9\"><p>Correct<\/p>\n<p>DSM is typically calculated from the first return and the DTM is from the last return.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerInCorrect30\" class=\"qtl_hidden\"><span class=\"incorrect QTLIncorrectStyle30\">Incorrect<\/span><div class=\"incorrectFeedbackDiv\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#FEEDED\"><p>Incorrect<\/p>\n<p>DSM is typically calculated from the first return and the DTM is from the last return.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!--QTLfeedbackEnd--><\/div><\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Reflection<\/h3>\n<div id=\"theExam\"><div id=\"questionDiv\"><p>Look carefully at the images below. Image (A) is a first return Lidar raster image, then the image went through some processing steps and resulted in image (C). Bases on what we have covered so far, can you think of the processes involved in getting image C from image A?<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/refelection_on_local_maximum.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"588\" height=\"191\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-755\" alt=\"refelection_on_local_maximum\" src=\"http:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/refelection_on_local_maximum-1024x332.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/refelection_on_local_maximum-1024x332.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/refelection_on_local_maximum-300x97.jpg 300w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/refelection_on_local_maximum-200x65.jpg 200w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/refelection_on_local_maximum.jpg 1502w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<input type=\"submit\" value=\"Check Answer\" onclick=\"checkExampleQuestionExampleAnswer(31, 'reflection', '', '', '', '' );\"><!--QTLfeedbackStart--><div id=\"mainFeedbackDiv\"><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerCorrect31\" class=\"qtl_hidden\"><div id=\"reflectionFeedbackDiv\" class=\"correctFeedbackDiv\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#EBFEE9\"><p>First a focal maximum filter was applied with an window size of 10x10. This resulted in an image where all 10x10 pixels were assigned as the same pixel value (maximum in that window). Then image A was subtracted from this image, So the pixels which have the highest value in the 10x10 window had now 0 values (They have same value in A and B) and these are possible individual tree tops.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/help_reflection_on_local_maximum.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"472\" height=\"447\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-756\" alt=\"help_reflection_on_local_maximum\" src=\"http:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/help_reflection_on_local_maximum.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/help_reflection_on_local_maximum.jpg 472w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/help_reflection_on_local_maximum-300x284.jpg 300w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/help_reflection_on_local_maximum-200x189.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerInCorrect31\" class=\"qtl_hidden\"><span class=\"incorrect QTLIncorrectStyle31\">Incorrect<\/span><\/div><\/div><!--QTLfeedbackEnd--><\/div><\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>These\u00a0canopy heights are generally derived certain caveats\u00a0that the forest density is not too high and\u00a0 there are no complicating factors such as high slopes, very rough ground or sub-canopies. Even under these circumstances, in which we can identify parts of the signal that come from or near the top of the canopy and ground points, care must be taken in the identification of tree or canopy height. Its not always guaranteed that\u00a0that a canopy \u2018hit\u2019 will come from the very top of a tree given typical LiDAR sampling densities, and returns from tree shoulders will tend to down-bias estimates of canopy height. For such reasons, it is typical to apply some calibration to LiDAR-measured tree heights, particularly from discrete return systems, although other methods such as considering only the upper 10% or so of heights might help alleviate some problems.<\/p>\n<p>Other attributes include calculation of the mean diameter (L) of the derived tree-crown segments (e.g. mean diameter, smallest enclosing circle) based on the tree-crown area (A) as:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/eXe_LaTeX_math_2.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"104\" height=\"23\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-757\" alt=\"eXe_LaTeX_math_2\" src=\"http:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/eXe_LaTeX_math_2.gif\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Similarly diameters at breast height (1.3 m)\u00a0dbh can be estimated as a function of Tree height, crown diameter and species.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Canopy Cover<\/h3>\n<p>Canopy cover is the area of ground covered by a vertical projection of the canopy. Generally\u00a0it is estimated at specific grid cell and with in a grid cell the canopy cover is estimated as the ratio of\u00a0number of first return above a certain threshold (T) (termed as canopy hits) and the total\u00a0number of first return points (total hits).<\/p>\n<p>Canopy cover (%) = Canopy hits \/ total hits<\/p>\n<p>In the figure below red points represent the canopy hits whereas the blue points are non-canopy hit points.<\/p>\n<p>Two variables determine the output canopy cover map: height threshold (T) and grid size. To produce meaningful canopy cover estimates, the grid size should be larger than individual tree crowns. With small grid sizes (less than 5 meters), the distribution of cover values of a large area tends to be heavy on values near 0 and 100 because each grid serves to test for the presence or absence of a tree instead of providing a reasonable sample area for assessing vegetation cover.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/canopy_cover.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"454\" height=\"770\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-758\" alt=\"canopy_cover\" src=\"http:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/canopy_cover.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/canopy_cover.jpg 454w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/canopy_cover-177x300.jpg 177w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2016\/02\/canopy_cover-118x200.jpg 118w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 454px) 100vw, 454px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Reflection<\/h3>\n<div id=\"theExam\"><div id=\"questionDiv\"><p>Estimate the canopy cover in the above figure.<\/p>\n<input type=\"submit\" value=\"Check Answer\" onclick=\"checkExampleQuestionExampleAnswer(32, 'reflection', '', '', '', '' );\"><!--QTLfeedbackStart--><div id=\"mainFeedbackDiv\"><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerCorrect32\" class=\"qtl_hidden\"><div id=\"reflectionFeedbackDiv\" class=\"correctFeedbackDiv\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#EBFEE9\"><p>% Canopy Cover = Canopy hits \/ Total hits = 13 \/ 20 = 65 %<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerInCorrect32\" class=\"qtl_hidden\"><span class=\"incorrect QTLIncorrectStyle32\">Incorrect<\/span><\/div><\/div><!--QTLfeedbackEnd--><\/div><\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this section we will learn about how various basic tree attributes can be extracted from Airborne LiDAR data. &nbsp; Extraction of canopy height Canopy height can be obtained by subtracting the DTM (corresponding to ground surface) from the DSM corresponding to tree top. This is often called as canopy height model (CHM). The most [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1284,"featured_media":0,"parent":42,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-733","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/733","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1284"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=733"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/733\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":872,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/733\/revisions\/872"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/42"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/tda\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=733"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}