{"id":542,"date":"2016-08-30T16:08:38","date_gmt":"2016-08-30T15:08:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/?page_id=542"},"modified":"2020-09-24T16:37:35","modified_gmt":"2020-09-24T15:37:35","slug":"12-1-hazards-disasters-flooding-and-earthquakes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/12-applications-hazards\/12-1-hazards-disasters-flooding-and-earthquakes\/","title":{"rendered":"12.1. Hazards, Disasters, Flooding and Earthquakes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A rapidly developing area of study in disaster management is the use of volunteered geographic information (VGI). The following video (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fJvR84UX5RI#t=81\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fJvR84UX5RI#t=81<\/a>) is presented by web GIS experts who believe they are part of a paradigm shift in how disasters are dealt with. I believe there are reasons to be more critical of the potential of VGI in Haiti than the presenters would have you believe but it still represents a very interesting, developing area of study.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Activity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Taking the following hazards;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>War<\/li>\n<li>Industry (e.g. chemical release)<\/li>\n<li>Energy production (e.g. radioactive waste)<\/li>\n<li>Transport (oil spills)<\/li>\n<li>Unsustainable resource management (e.g. overfishing)<\/li>\n<li>Climatic (e.g. floods)<\/li>\n<li>Tectonic (e.g. earthquakes)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>identify a] if they are man-made, natural or both b] if they are local, regional or global<\/p>\n<p>\r\n<script>\/\/ <![CDATA[\r\nfunction showFunct() { document.getElementById(\"hideshow\").style.display = \"block\"; } function hideFunct() { document.getElementById(\"hideshow\").style.display = \"none\"; }\r\n\/\/ ]]><\/script>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #336699;\" onclick=\"showFunct()\">Show Answer<\/p>\r\n<div id=\"hideshow\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<p> There are no definitive answers to these questions but compare your answer to this graphic<\/p>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/08\/12.1-1024x729.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-543 size-large\" height=\"456\" width=\"640\" srcset=\"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/08\/12.1-1024x729.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/08\/12.1-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/08\/12.1-768x547.jpg 768w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/08\/12.1.jpg 1244w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #336699; text-align: right;\" button=\"\" onclick=\"hideFunct()\">Hide Answer<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Natural Disaster Management<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Disaster management can be split into 2 activities;<\/p>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Response and Recovery: Reacting to the immediate effects of a disaster and then returning the community to normal.<\/li>\n<li>Mitigation and Preparedness: Minimising the effects of a hazard and planning how to respond to a disaster<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>These are ideals, for example very often disasters occur in areas that are unprepared e.g. the Haitan earthquake of 2010 occurred in a country ravaged by civil war and corruption.<\/p>\n<p>Remote sensing can be of use:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Identifying areas of potential exposure to natural hazards<\/li>\n<li>Identifying areas affected by the natural disaster<\/li>\n<li>Finding suitable sites of rehabilitation (e.g. identifying areas for refugee sites)<\/li>\n<li>Planning to tackle future disasters (Plans for evacuation, choice of roads etc.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Activity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"block\" id=\"ta75_8\">Suggest how useful remote sensing could be for <b>three<\/b> of the seven types of hazard identified above for the two disaster management activities identified above. Then think of more general reasons that remote sensing is of use in a hazard or disaster situation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"block\"><p>\r\n<script>\/\/ <![CDATA[\r\nfunction showFunct2() { document.getElementById(\"hideshow2\").style.display = \"block\"; } function hideFunct2() { document.getElementById(\"hideshow2\").style.display = \"none\"; }\r\n\/\/ ]]><\/script>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #336699;\" onclick=\"showFunct2()\">Show Answer<\/p>\r\n<div id=\"hideshow2\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<p>In general, remote sensing is a useful tool where the build up of a hazard has a large area signal (E.g. erosion on a moutain slope can be identified by identifying a lack of plants) or where the results of a disaster can be measured by looking at a large area signal e.g. the location of collapsed buildings after an earthquake. It is of little use where the build up of a hazard or dealing with a disaster;<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><b>has a 'small area' signal:<\/b> e.g. a single faulty valve leading to a release of poisonous gas (hazard)<\/li>\r\n<li><b>does not have a signal that can be measured by remote sensing:<\/b> e.g. build up of earthquake stress does not generally produce a detectable change at ground surface (hazard). e.g. when dealing with the possible outbreak of cholera in a refugee camp, the key problems to address are water supply and sanitation, remote sensing is of little use compared with on the ground intervention e.g. putting in a water chlorination system (disaster management)<\/li>\r\n<li><b>Is not quick enough<\/b>: A tsunami damaging coast can be tracked by remote sensing (although the wave in deep water would be very difficult to sense as it is very small and fast moving) but acquiring and processing imagery is not presently fast enough to help with a hazard warning system where the tsunami will do its damage in just a few hours, earthquake detection systems and models of tsunamis are much better tools. Interestingly the speed of acquiring remotely sensed data for the Haiti earthquake was significantly faster than normal allowing the use of remotely sensed data in a disaster situation where it had not been timely enough before. See the movie clip for more details.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #336699; text-align: right;\" button=\"\" onclick=\"hideFunct2()\">Hide Answer<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p class=\"block\"><strong>Activity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><\/strong><b>Trends in Natural Disasters<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"601\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-547\" src=\"http:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/08\/12.2.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/08\/12.2.jpg 780w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/08\/12.2-300x282.jpg 300w, https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/08\/12.2-768x721.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Reports of natural disasters have increased in recent time, this is down to two main factors; the rise in the world population and improvements in reporting but also global warming is increasing the hazards from weather events. Using the graph above, how could you estimate the effects of these two factors on meterological events in the period 1980 to 2000?<\/p>\n<p>\r\n<script>\/\/ <![CDATA[\r\nfunction showFunct3() { document.getElementById(\"hideshow3\").style.display = \"block\"; } function hideFunct3() { document.getElementById(\"hideshow3\").style.display = \"none\"; }\r\n\/\/ ]]><\/script>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #336699;\" onclick=\"showFunct3()\">Show Answer<\/p>\r\n<div id=\"hideshow3\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<p>Earthquakes are unaffected by global warming so the trend of the earthquake graph probably represents purely the effect of an increasing population\/rise in reporting. If you averaged the graph (each point represents the average of the 5 years before and after rather than the true count of earthquake disasters in any given year) you could estimate a percentage increase due to this factor and subtract that from the floods and cyclones graphs. It can be seen that the effect of climate change appears to be having much more dramatic effect on extreme weather events than the rise in population\/reporting.<\/p>\r\n<p>Note that this analysis is simplisitic in form and should not be given great credibility, however, it does serve a useful teaching purpose in getting you to think about factors and their effects.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #336699; text-align: right;\" button=\"\" onclick=\"hideFunct3()\">Hide Answer<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>International Charter<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"562\" height=\"416\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-548 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/08\/12.3.gif\" \/><\/p>\n<p>An <a href=\"https:\/\/www.disasterscharter.org\/web\/guest\/home;jsessionid=348CFA524F8B4B1C01AC494F3F4570F0.jvm1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">international charter<\/a> exists where space agencies controlling satellites can be called upon to rapidly acquire data relevant to an occurring\/recently occurred disaster. The charter aims at providing a unified system of space data acquisition and delivery to those affected by natural or man-made disasters through authorized users.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Floods and Earthquakes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>N\/B: The slides below will not show on the webpage, but you can save\/keep them on your computer and view them using the Adobe Flash Player 32 you downloaded earlier<\/em><\/p>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/www.edshare.soton.ac.uk\/id\/document\/291859\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\"><\/iframe>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Adams, B.J., 2004, Improved disaster management through post-earthquake building damage assessment<br \/>\nusing multitemporal satellite imagery, Proceedings of the ISPRS XXth Congress Volume XXXV,<\/p>\n<p><b>Must Read:<\/b><br \/>\nKaren E. Joyce, Stella E. Belliss, Sergey V. Samsonov, Stephen J. McNeill and Phil J. Glassey, A review of the status of satellite remote sensing and image processing techniques for mapping natural hazards and disasters, Progress in Physical Geography, 2009; 33; 183-207<\/p>\n<p>National Snow and Ice Data Center resources for the <a href=\"http:\/\/nsidc.org\/data\/virtual_globes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Google Earth<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b> Must Read:<\/b><br \/>\nDavid M. Tralli et al., Satellite remote sensing of earthquake, volcano, flood, landslide and coastal inundation hazards, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,<br \/>\nVolume 59, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 185-198,<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A rapidly developing area of study in disaster management is the use of volunteered geographic information (VGI). The following video (https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fJvR84UX5RI#t=81) is presented by web GIS experts who believe they are part of a paradigm shift in how disasters are dealt with. I believe there are reasons to be more critical of the potential of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1726,"featured_media":0,"parent":535,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-542","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/542","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1726"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=542"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/542\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":898,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/542\/revisions\/898"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/535"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/rs4eo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=542"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}