{"id":113,"date":"2016-06-27T00:50:28","date_gmt":"2016-06-26T23:50:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/gem\/?page_id=113"},"modified":"2016-06-27T00:52:44","modified_gmt":"2016-06-26T23:52:44","slug":"table-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/gem\/unit-2\/2-1-origins-and-history-of-environmental-assessment-ea\/table-1\/","title":{"rendered":"2.1 Origins and History of Environmental Assessment (EA) – Table 1"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Table 1. Important recorded events in the human-environment relationship since 1960 (excerpt from Holden, 2005)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
1960<\/strong><\/td>\nSoviet engineers begin large-scale irrigation using rivers flowing to the Aral Sea, the world\u2019s fourth largest lake.  Within 40 years the lake would almost disappear, possibly the greatest hydrological change yet engineered by humankind<\/td>\n1987<\/strong><\/td>\nFirst appearance of the word biodiversity in the scientific literature (by E.O Wilson, USA)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1962<\/strong><\/td>\n\tSilent Spring<\/i> by Rachel Carson, USA, warns of dangers of pesticide to wildlife.  This best-seller inspired a whole generation of environmentalists.<\/td>\n1987<\/strong><\/td>\nIce core from Antarctica, taken by French and Russian scientists, reveals close correlation between CO2<\/sub> and temperature over the last 100,000 years.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1968<\/strong><\/td>\nSatellite remote sensing starts.  Pictures of Earth from deep space, Apollo 8 mission, USA; followed in 1972 by Earth Resources Satellite ERTS-1 carrying multi-spectral sensors, later called Landsat.<\/td>\n1987<\/strong><\/td>\nMontreal Protocol signed, an agreement to phase out CFCs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1969<\/strong><\/td>\nIn the USA, the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) begins the ARPANET.  Soon, global communication by e-mail and Internet would become possible.<\/td>\n1987<\/strong><\/td>\nUnited Nations World Commission on environment and Development produce Brundtland Report, dealing with definitions of sustainability.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1970<\/strong><\/td>\nEstablishment of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), USA<\/td>\n1988<\/strong><\/td>\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) is established.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1971<\/strong><\/td>\nFormation of Greenpeace.  A group of activists sail their small boat into a US bomb-test zone near Alaska to draw attention to the environmental dangers of nuclear war.  Now Greenpeace is a large non-governmental organisation at the forefront of the campaign for a safer world.<\/td>\n1990<\/strong><\/td>\nIPPCs first Scientific Assessment Report, linking greenhouse gas emissions to warming.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1971<\/strong><\/td>\nSwedish scientists demonstrate long-range transport of sulphur as the cause of acidification of Swedish lakes, and predict that acid rain will damage fresh-water ecosystems and forests.<\/td>\n1992<\/strong><\/td>\nImplementation of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programmes (IGBP) to predict the effects of changes in climate, atmosphere composition and land use on terrestrial ecosystems; and to determine how these effects lead to feedbacks to the atmosphere.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1972<\/strong><\/td>\nIn the UK, publication in The Ecologist<\/i> of A Blueprint for Survival<\/i>, warning of the extreme gravity of the global situation and criticizing governments for failing to take corrective action.<\/td>\n1992<\/strong><\/td>\nEarth Summit, Rio de Janeiro.  Leaders of the world\u2019s nations meet in Rio and set out an ambitious agenda to address the environmental, economic and social challenges facing the international community.  Heads of state sign the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1972<\/strong><\/td>\nPublication of The Limits to Growth<\/i> by the Club of Rome, dealing with computer simulation of global environmental change.<\/td>\n1997<\/strong><\/td>\nKyoto Protocol, international agreement to limit greenhouse gas emissions.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1972<\/strong><\/td>\nFirst international conference on the environment, Stockholm, leading to the establishment of the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP).  Acid rain is widely publicised, especially in relation to forest decline, but since then the developed world has been moving to low-sulphur fuels.<\/td>\n1997 – 1998<\/strong><\/td>\nParticularly severe El Ni\u00f1o causes drought and widespread forest fires in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil and Mexico.  In SE Asia the fires affect 10,000 km2<\/sup> of forest.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1972<\/strong><\/td>\nThe anchovy fishery of Peru collapses because of over-fishing and bad weather.  Other fish stocks decline sharply, and management of marine resources becomes an important issue.<\/td>\n1998<\/strong><\/td>\nThe warmest year of the century, and probably of the millennium.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1973<\/strong><\/td>\nOrganisationof Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) restricts the supply of oil, forcing the price to rise five-fold and threatening the global economy.<\/td>\n2000<\/strong><\/td>\nInternational Corel Reef Initiative reports that 27% of the world\u2019s coral reefs are lost, mainly a consequence of climate warming.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1979<\/strong><\/td>\nJames Lovelock proposes the Gaia hypothesis.<\/td>\n2000<\/strong><\/td>\nFailure of nations to agree on the implementation of the Kyoto protocol.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1985<\/strong><\/td>\nFarman, Gardiner and Shanklin, a British team working in the Antarctic, report thinning of stratospheric ozone, attributable to CFCs.<\/td>\n2002<\/strong><\/td>\nWorld Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1986<\/strong><\/td>\nNuclear accident at Chernobyl, USSR, creates radioactive fallout everywhere in the northern hemisphere, reminding people that environmental problems cross political boundaries.  The expansion of nuclear power in the West falters.<\/td>\n <\/strong><\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Table 1. Important recorded events in the human-environment relationship since 1960 (excerpt from Holden, 2005) 1960 Soviet engineers begin large-scale irrigation using rivers flowing to the Aral Sea, the world\u2019s fourth largest lake.  Within 40 years the lake would almost disappear, possibly the greatest hydrological change yet engineered by humankind 1987 First appearance of the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":224,"featured_media":0,"parent":56,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-113","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/gem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/113","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/gem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/gem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/gem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/224"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/gem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=113"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/gem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/113\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":114,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/gem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/113\/revisions\/114"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/gem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/56"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk\/gem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=113"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}